Figure 2 illustrates this grouping of split functions into CU and DU. The entity performing network functions of RRC/PDCP is called centralized unit (CU), and the remaining part of all the baseband processing functions of RLC/MAC/PHY is processed by an entity called a distributed unit (DU). By taking advantages of the disaggregated network architecture and the separation between software and hardware, virtualized RAN (vRAN) reduces the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenses (OPEX) in 5G RAN.įor example, Option 2 function split is the most preferred option, where non-real-time processing based RRC/PDCP and real-time processing based RLC/MAC/PHY are separated. These are critical elements in reducing time-to-market for new services and improving operational efficiency. The virtualization, first applied to the Core network, demonstrated successfully the merits of flexibility in network deployment and business agility. The representative networking technologies being now explored by MNOs are software-defined network (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV). MNOs are, therefore, exploring innovative ways to manage their networks and services in line with 5G technology. This proprietary RAN architecture, however, is insufficient when it comes to lowering MNO’s capital and operational costs, as the traditional architecture, by its nature, is not dynamic, flexible, or efficient in meeting the needs of 5G services. In general, traditional RANs prior to 5G have a vendor-proprietary closed system architecture comprised of purpose-built hardware and software and custom interfaces that operates with dependencies on the underlying hardware. Consequently, MNOs must continuously improve the cost efficiency of their RAN performance and operation to reduce spending, without deteriorating the service quality of their subscribers. Radio access network (RAN), as a critical component of a mobile network, accounts for more than half of a MNO’s spending, and its performance directly impacts the service quality experiences of subscribers. Meanwhile, with forecasts showing the growth rate of the annual revenue per user lagging behind the growth rate of the traffic demand, mobile network operators (MNOs) are under pressure to minimize their network costs while maintaining service quality. The traffic demand in the mobile communication market continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of high-quality video streaming, as well as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the emergence of diverse vertical services continue to increase with 5G new radio (NR).
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